Sunday, December 29, 2019

Obesity An Epidemic Disease Destroying Children - 884 Words

The significant numbers of overweight and obese children worldwide have increased in the recent decades and are expected to rise in the next few years. Obesity is an epidemic disease destroying children’s life in their childhood and adulthood. Children with a BMI above the 85th percentile are considered overweight and BMI above the 95th percentile are considered obese. This is a significant public health concern because more children have been diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes, chronic disease, hypertension, and many more health problems, and also have psychosocial consequences. The big problem here is that children are increasing time spent watching television, playing videos games, eating unhealthy meals, and not being physically active. Many parents do not even have time to interact with their children because they spend too much time at work in order to become financially stable which leaves less time to devote to healthy eating and weight control. In addition, not being inf ormed or educated on the negative effects of unhealthy diets and low physical activity must be communicated to the parent and guidance is important as well. It is difficult to provide healthy food or snacks at home because most of the healthy items are expensive and many single mothers and parents cannot afford those prices and opt to buy inexpensive food and snacks. The increase in obesity among children and adolescents is rising at an alarming rate. Between the survey periods conducted by NationalShow MoreRelatedObesity : The United States1268 Words   |  6 PagesOctober, 2015 Obesity in America Over the past few decades, obesity rate has grown drastically in the United States. â€Å"A third of U.S. adults are obese† (Brady 519), placing them at a higher risk for diseases, and increased healthcare spending. It a preventable nutritional problem that affects people of all ages, gender and race, with minority groups and people of low socioeconomic status disproportionately affected. It is a multifaceted problem with many issues at its root. Obesity is the resultRead MoreHigh Fructose Corn Syrup : The Diabetic and Obesity Dangers Essay1280 Words   |  6 PagesHigh Fructose Corn Syrup: The Diabetic and Obesity Dangers Abstract: The use of high fructose corn syrup as a sweetener in various food and drink products has drastically affected the American people in the last three decades. Dominating 55% of the sweetener market because of its industrial benefits, HFCS’s increased use has caused dramatic effects in its consumers, including upsetting normal hormonal functions, destroying vital organs, nerves, and throwing off the body’s mineral balance. As theRead MoreCoca Cola Company : Destroying America s Health1360 Words   |  6 PagesCompany: Destroying America’s Health When a child is born, the parents hope that they have a better, and longer life then they did. Yet for the first time in modern US history, â€Å"Today’s children are expected to have shorter life expectancies than there parents† (Life Expectancy of U.S. Children Cut Short by Obesity). The somber realization is the result of a several decade long epidemic which threatens to poison future generations and prevent them from living long prosperous lives. The obesity rateRead MoreThe Negative Effect Of Youth Health Essay1734 Words   |  7 Pagestelevision, on the Internet, on billboards, and in magazines, that was in 1999, as media and technology evolves so does advertising; imagine the figure it would be today. Advertising is a $250-billion-year industry within 900,000 brands to sell (Children, Adolescents, and Advertising, 2006). Teenagers spend $155 billion a year, making them the most attractive costumers, hence why commercial advertisings are nearly always targete d at the youth age (Branded: the buying and selling of teenagers,Read MoreThe Dirty Truth On Fast Food1947 Words   |  8 PagesThe Dirty Truth on Fast Food The world’s reliance on the convenience of fast food restaurants has reached epidemic proportions. This dependence of the conveniences, big fast food corporations like for example, McDonald’s, Burger King, Wendy’s, offer the ingredients and recipe for the decline of Earth. These hidden forces behind the obesity epidemic have grown troublesome, and if the epidemic is not taken seriously soon, it will only grow, creating an even longer list of problems throughout the worldRead MoreDisadvantages Of Fast Food1566 Words   |  7 Pagesfood will eventually lead to being overweight or obesity. Being overweight is become a little heavy above what is considered the normal weight and being obese is becoming extremely heave above what is considered the normal weight and even being overweight. Obesity has always been blamed on fast food and their restaurants, that is one of many disadvantages of fast food. Obesity rates are starting to increase around the world but mainly i n young children. These major fast food restaurants claim they areRead MoreRural Life Of China And China1122 Words   |  5 PagesChina’s rural hinterland, where half the nation’s 1.3 billion people live, incomes are, on average, less than a third of those in cities† (The New York Times). Economically, rural China depends mainly on agriculture, but socially, sex inequality and diseases prevail in this part of the country. Villages, mostly populated by the country’s ocean of elders, are getting poorer while the cities are getting richer even though the government is supposedly looking for solutions to this problem. Rural life inRead MoreContemporary Commercial Advertising Aimed At Youth Essay1758 Words   |  8 Pagestelevision, on the Internet, on billboards, and in magazines, that was in 1999, as media and technology evolves so does advertising; imagine the figure it would be today. Advertising is a $250-billion-year industry within 900,000 brands to se ll (Children, Adolescents, and Advertising, 2006). Teenagers spend $155 billion a year, making them the most attractive costumers, hence why commercial advertisings are nearly always targeted at the youth age (Branded: the buying and selling of teenagers,Read MoreThe Diabetes Epidemic895 Words   |  4 Pagesit was not able to use it correctly the body in return loses fuel (NDIC). Type I diabetes only accounts for about 5% of those affected with diabetes (Diabetes, 2011). It usually is diagnosed in younger children, however; it may occur in adults as well (Diabetes, 2011). It is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system kills the insulin producing cells causing the pancreas to not produce enough insulin to control the blood sugar levels (NCID). The first symptoms of type I diabetes are: high bloodRead MoreWhat Can We Do?1526 Words   |  7 Pagesdemand, and limited supplies, companies will raise their prices to meet their profit margins. Therefore, it’s the responsibility of communities to step in and make healthier food more obtainable for majority of Americans, which will also lower high obesity rates in America. When you walk into a grocery store, or supermarket, most of the foods they have are heavily subsidized. Making them cheaper and more accessible. According to the Union of Concerned Scientists, farmers growing fruits and vegetables

Saturday, December 21, 2019

Warren Harding. Warren Harding Was Our 29Th President And

Warren Harding Warren Harding was our 29th president and took over administration after Woodrow Wilson in 1921. Warren Harding was a weak leader for our nation and is considered to be one of the worst presidents America has seen. While in office Harding was involved in multiple scandes, affairs, and criminal activity. Warren’s strategies on things such as domestic affairs, foreign policy, and executive orders expose how weak of a leader he really was and can explain why he was a bad president for the U.S. Warren Harding was born in 1865 on a farm in Ohio. Warren Harding, a Republican, began his political career in 1898 by winning election to the Ohio senate. Harding was Ohio’s lieutenant governor for 2 years (1904-1906), and was later†¦show more content†¦Their Republican platform condemned the Wilson administration for its handling of World War I and opposed the League of Nations. On trade and immigration, Harding and Coolidge advocated a higher protective tariff and supported new immigration requirements. Overall, they promised to return the nation to more normal times, like those prior to all the out of control drives for reform that had begun in the 1890’s. During Harding’s presidency there was a lot of economical issues that needed to be fixed. A source said, â€Å"His biggest issue was the economy, which was suffering from World War I and its aftermath. The soldiers came home in 1918 and 1919 and faced an 11.7 percent unemployment rate in 1920†. This explains that our economy was falling apart and Harding need to come up with a plan to fix what was falling apart quickly. Harding proposed a plan to reduce government spending, pay down the national debt, and reduce tax rates. This was the Harding economic program. A source states that, â€Å"Harding had done nothing except cut government expenditure, the last time a major industrial power treated a recession by classic laissez-faire methods, allowing wages to fall to their natural level,† (An economic lesson from Warren G. Harding). Harding had an easy going personality and overall wanted peace and love throughout the nation. This was not a bad quality to have, but as president Harding had a hard time saying no to people and taking a strongShow MoreRelatedThe House On Mango Street1290 Words   |  6 PagesSome think of intuition as a mystical power, others think it is just lucky guesswork; either way, intuition tells the brain what it needs to know before our conscious catches up. Each generalization contains different factors, leaving the choice of what factors to leave in and which to leave out. Causing a difficult confrontation of what to believe and what to forget. In Sandra Cisneros’ novel, The House on Mango Street, the universal process of rapid cognition inherently affects stereotyping andRead MoreGood Leadership Characteristics Of Good Presidents2415 Words   |  10 PagesCharacteristics of Good Presidents For our presentation, we have decided the best theme to show the many traits of great leaders was to show them in the Presidents of the United States. There were many different presidents who had different qualities; some bad and some good. In our presentation, we will show you the president who showed a specific trait in their actions. Most of the presidents who showed positive character traits were are remembered in a good way. Many of the presidents with poor leadershipRead MoreBiography Of Herbert And I Got Married1174 Words   |  5 PagesApril of 1917, my husband excepted President Wilson’s request for him to become the head of the U.S. Food Administration. Herbert would use the slogan â€Å"food will win the war† which became very popular. Page 4: To help supply more food for the soldiers, Herbert created set days where people will be able to eat certain foods. In only one week, the hotels of New York City were able to save up to ninety-six percent of their meat. His efforts lead to success and he was given the title of a humanitarianRead MoreHow Presidents of the United States Overstep their Bounds and Defy the Constitution1642 Words   |  7 Pagesbe advancing the ball down the field at will, running over our opponents defenses, but winning the game is another matter altogether.† He also stated in the preface of the book â€Å"that the Bush administration had rushed us, pushed us, mislead, and manipulated us into war with Iraq with at the expense of the real war against Al- Qaeda.† Clark in writing stating this is essentially telling us we (The United States) have somehow overstepped our boundaries by acting in this â€Å"War on Terror,† and while heRead MoreThe Great Crash Of 1929 Essay2595 Word s   |  11 Pages‘national sport’ of investing in the stock market and the nationwide ambition to get rich quick. However, delving into the years leading up to â€Å"Black Thursday†, it is evident that the American economy was ill-fated from the start and had many flaws. This causes the argument â€Å"that the Crash on Wall Street was more of a symptom, than an actual cause of the Depression† When the market did plunge into depression after 24th October 1929 on â€Å"Black Thursday†, the prosperity of a nation vanished and had numerousRead MoreMerger and Acquisition: Current Issues115629 Words   |  463 Pagesbound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham and Eastbourne To my mother Evangelia and in loving memory of my father Nicholas (GNG) To my mother, Helen Lieck, and in remembrance of my father, Arthur Louis Lieck, who together taught me what was important in life (KLN) This page intentionally left blank Contents Acknowledgments Notes on the Contributors Introduction xi xiii xxi 1 Mergers and Acquisitions: A Global View Karyn L. Neuhauser 1 2 What Drives Acquisitions

Friday, December 13, 2019

Sap Ag and Brady Corporation Redesign Free Essays

Case Study – Can Brady Corporation Redesign Its Systems for Success? Executive Summary: The Brady Corporation is branded as the oldest the most successful companies in Milwaukee, Wisconsin founded in 1915; and a leader in high performance labels, signs and related industrial safety products. They have 44 business units that produce and distribute its labels from 47 locations in 20 countries on five continents around the world. Despite its growing success, the company found it was running into trouble in the mid 1990’s that fear of falling behind with its competitors in the use of Internet to save costs on already –low profit margins. We will write a custom essay sample on Sap Ag and Brady Corporation Redesign or any similar topic only for you Order Now In 1997, Brandy launched a major Web project; the new digital system was called Web-to-Workbench; which enable customers to be able to design and order their own signs online and the website would automatically forward the new order to its production facility. However problems were encountered; Brady relied heavily on information systems (IS) to support most of its business process, but were antiquated (out of date), could not communicate with each other. In February 1999 Hudson’s assess the company could not continue growing because it was â€Å"Stymied by an infrastructure that had reached well beyond practical limits† She concluded that the company must overhaul its business process totally to move fully into the digital age. Brady needed to revamp al its system. The goal â€Å"business-led Project for the whole company† and not just a software or information technology project was made clear by CFO David Schroeder Brady. I. Viewpoint From the Brady’s CEO KATHERINE HUDSON II. Time Context In year 2000 III. Statement of the Problem SAP enterprise software was not a good foundation for Brady’s new systems creating problems in various areas of the company. IV. Statement of the Objectives 1. In year 2000, SAP will tie-up with other systems projects 2. In year 2003 upon installation and testing of all systems and then if it fails, it’s time for Brady to redesign its system 3. Hire people for maintenance of the new information system for the company simultaneously with the installation of the system. V. Areas of Consideration TOWS MATRIX |Strengths |Weaknesses | | | |Business units act independently from each | | |The pioneer in high performance label and |other. | | |signs. |Information systems are not in synch with each | | |Has 44 business unit for the manufacture of its|other. | |products |Information systems are out of date. | | |Has a unique system that lets customers | | | |customize their own design in the product they | | | |intend to purchase. | |Opportunities |S O |WO | | | | | | | | | | |â€Å"Maxi-Maxi† Strategy |â€Å"Mini-Maxi† Strategy | | | | | | |Use a firm’s internal strengths to take |This are strategies aimed at improving internal| | |advantage of external opportunities |weaknesses by taking advantage of external | | | |opportunities | |Threats |ST |WT | | | | | |1. Brady is falling behind with its competitors|â€Å"Maxi-Mini† Strategy |â€Å"Mini-Mini† Strategy | |in the use of Internet to save costs on already| | | |–low profit margins. Use a firm’s strengths to avoid or reduce the |This are defensive tactics directed at reducing| | |impact of external threats |internal weaknesses and avoiding external | | | |threats | | | | | | | | | | | | | VI. Assumption Computers and Information Systems: Year In Review 2001 The recession year 2001 hit the computers and information systems sector hard. Already reeling from the collapse of dot-com companies a year earlier, the industry had to de al with reduced demand for its products and services. That in turn produced a steady stream of corporate cutbacks and layoffs. The terrorist attacks in the U. S. on September 11, which stunned the world and sent the U. S. Source: Encyclop? dia Britannica. om, retrieved from Analysis: The information age had run a wall in its technological advances. After the millennium bug the news about the dot. com collapse and the terrorist attacks, people begun to question the reliability of computers and the system. Companies began searching for a cheaper and more reliable system to place. SAP Needs More than Tech Help to Fix Problems SAP has made a lot of bad headlines. An SAP rollout at Levi Strauss went awry, leading to delayed product shipments for a whole week during the second quarter, which in turn caused a bad earnings quarter. News of price hikes and a forced transition to the new SAP Enterprise support. Silicon. om best summed up the problem that this SAP is claiming this as an enhanc ed offering, it is difficult to see how it will be able to justify this level of fees for customers whose deployments are complete or which do not wish to upgrade. Source: ITBusinessEdge, Lorraine Lawson, July 2008 Analysis: Systems had become unreliable that companies in the US had become hesitant in installing new and improved information system in their production. Another bad scenario that had come up is the burst of the dot. com bubble leaving most Americans awry about computers and the system that runs them. VII. Alternative Courses of Action ACA 1: Change for Oracle System ACA 2: Hire technicians to troubleshoot and upgrade the system ACA 3: Extensive use of the internet for the unification of transaction of all units of Brady corp. VIII. ANALYSIS ACA 1: ACA 2: Hire technicians to troubleshoot and upgrade the system Advantages: By hiring technicians, they can do preventive maintenance of Brady’s system and at the same time can upgrade the system. The can install programs that can help Brady in its information system problems. Disadvantages: More costly because of the human factor that is attached upon the ACA ACA 3: Extensive use of the internet for the unification of transaction of all units of Brady corp. Advantages: Internet usage had been proven less costly and the vastness of its reach is unlimited. Disadvantages: Brady might just replicate the problem that it already has. IX. Conclusion Decision Matrix Criteria |ACA 1 |ACA 2 |ACA 3 | |Cost-driven | |1 |3 | |Effectiveness | |4 |4 | |Easy to implement | |3 |4 | |Total | | | | Rating: 1-4 (1 is the lowest and 4 is the highest) X. Plan of Action Activities |Person in-charge |Costs |Timeframe | | | | | | |ACA 1 | | | | | |HRD |The minimum wage it has to pay |2001 | |ACA 2 | | for the technicians that will | | | | |handle the information system | | | | |(44Business Units/One person | | | | |per unit) | | | |I. T. /Engineering Dept. |Internet usage is said to be |2001 | |ACA 3 | |free of charge but the system | | | | |that a company has shell out to| | | | |have a decent internet | | | | |connection varies | | How to cite Sap Ag and Brady Corporation Redesign, Papers

Thursday, December 5, 2019

The Effects Of Violence In Tel Essay free essay sample

, Research Paper The Effects of Violence in Television and Movies # 8220 ; Violence on telecasting and in the films is damaging to kids # 8221 ; ( Levine ) Well, that merely about says it all, huh? Or does it? One thing is for certain, the nexus between adolescent force and the plans on telecasting is at that place, the lone thing to debate is how strong is that nexus? Many people feel there is a immense job with the force on telecasting and in the films in today # 8217 ; s society, doing all kinds of societal pandemonium, such as school shots, slaughters, and merely about anything else you can thing of. On the other manus, many people feel less strongly about the subject. They feel that force on telecasting and in the films is a job, but non as large a job as most others make it out to be. But wait, there # 8217 ; s more. There is one last group ; the targeted demographic. The people who really watch the shows everyday. They, of class, couldn # 8217 ; t care less about what they watch. These people can sit through anything fundamentally. If you do care, you # 8217 ; re in one of the other aforesaid groups. So, we have three groups, all with changing sentiments and thoughts. Surprisingly, force on web telecasting has Moran 2 been worsening steadily over the past three old ages, harmonizing to a study released in January by the Center for Communication Policy at the University of California at Los Angeles ( Moret ) . Besides, public perceptual experience, mostly the consequence of media accent, is that about half of all violent offense is committed by juveniles ; when in fact, it # 8217 ; s merely 19 % ( Moret ) . Yes, that # 8217 ; s still a batch, but while many people think that the juvenile offense rate has gone up dramatically, it has ever stayed at around 20 % for more than one hundred old ages ( Moret ) . After a terrifying spike get downing in the 80s, the slaying rate among immature people declined 31 % between 1993 and 1996, harmonizing to the National Center for Juvenile Justice ( Marks ) . We # 8217 ; vitamin Ds like to believe this is acquiring better, but we truly can # 8217 ; Ts know for certain. So, we have three groups, all with really different sentiments. We # 8217 ; ll get down with the most concerned, the 1s who think that all violent telecasting and films are dreadfully immoral and should be banned. This group believes that any plan with force is unsuitable for sing by the younger demographic, that it will impact them in the long tally. Statistics show, that yes, it does impact younger kids. Impressionism starts when a kid is really immature ( Elias ) , so it would do sense that they feel that immature kids should non watch violent plans. It would look, and once more surveies show, Moran 3 that the older one gets, the less likely you are to be influenced by a film or telecasting plan, because older people evidently know it # 8217 ; s incorrect to ache person. This peculiar group understands that, and I applaud them for it. They feel a solution to this really serious job is to merely non allow kids watch it ( Levine ) . That is, a blocking system, like the V-chip. Besides, they are competing for a more tight ticker at film theatres, doing certain that kids do non even have a opportunity to see R rated films, non even if their parents say they can.The 2nd group feels that the issue at manus is non every bit serious as the first group. They believe that yes, force influenced by kids is a job, but non life endangering. Many surveies of telecasting related force have determined that adolescent kids are non every bit waxy as the younger group aforementioned, and the effects are less, but they are still at that place. For illustration, one survey showed that striplings have more aggressive feelings when they watch violent films, but # 8220 ; # 8230 ; .people may walk out of a film such as Natural Born Killer experiencing aggressive, but unless they keep play backing the film, or other angry ideas associated with the film in their head, they are disposed to be back to normal in a few proceedingss # 8221 ; ( Levine ) . So, it doesn # 8217 ; t last unless you dwell on it. The job, they feel, is that people do be given to brood on # 8220 ; cool # 8221 ; things. Besides, this group feels there is a job Moran 4 with the evaluation system on telecasting plan evaluations. At first, it was merely PG, Television 14, MA, and a few others. Now they have added L for linguistic communication, V for force, and S for a sexual subject. This is all good and good, but group # 2 feels it # 8217 ; s excessively complicated, that people hate complicated things, and that the more complicated the evaluations system is, the less people will seek to calculate it out ( Grossman ) . While this group is non as edgy about telecasting related force, they ba sically want the same things as the first group, like a blocking system, closer parental ticker, and tighter security at the films. Now, there’s one last group, the targeted demographic. The people that sit around all twenty-four hours and make nil but ticker telecasting. They feel at that place isn’t a truly large job to be dealt with. They don’t want their telecasting shows to be taken off because they’re â€Å"too violent† or â€Å"influential† . While they can’t deny all the facts out at that place, they don’t feel the job of telecasting related force is truly every bit large as some people make it out to be. They believe that yes, kids should non see plans rated for mature audiences, but they should non be wholly shut away from the universe of telecasting. They believe the lone solution is for parents to supervise what their childs ticker, and watch it with them, and they shouldn’t leave them entirely with the teleca sting ( Elias ) . Moran 5 Yes, there is a job with force influenced by telecasting, but it truly isn # 8217 ; t every bit grave as most of the people think. As was explained before, force among kids has been at the point it is today for one hundred old ages. One hundred old ages. Television wasn # 8217 ; t even around for about 50 of those old ages. In a recent survey, Mark Singer of Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland said this of the consequences: # 8220 ; Witnessing or being the mark of force # 8211 ; at place, in the vicinity or at school # 8211 ; in the past twelvemonth correlated strongly with a kid acting violently toward others. The No. 2 factor was a deficiency of parental monitoring. Television was the least influential of the three # 8221 ; ( Pitofay ) This proves both of our points right there: Kids Don # 8217 ; t acquire all of their aggressiveness from telecasting. A batch of it is from existent life experiences. It comes from what their parents do at place, and it doesn # 8217 ; t assist when a kid is populating in an opprobrious family ( Lamb ) . Television, every bit good as films, should be more tightly guarded, with parental supervising. Basically the same as groups # 1 and # 2. Besides, if person is so waxy that they would put on the line their ain life, non person else # 8217 ; s, by copying a film, those people have something mentally incorrect with them. As an illustration, a quotation mark from Sing Violence by Madeline Levine Ph.D. : # 8220 ; The largest and most dismaying illustration of film imitation is that of 26 people who shot Moran 6 themselves while playing out the heroic poem Russian roulette scene from the 1978 Vietnam war epic The Deer Hunter # 8221 ; ( Levine ) Why would you put on the line your ain life, merely because you saw it in a film? One can merely reason that they do so, have a mental upset, and are sick in the caput. This is a job that needs to be dealt with. The solution is simple: parents need to be with their childs, whenever they watch a telecasting show, whenever they see a film ( up to a certain age ) . They need to speak about what is on Television, why they shouldn # 8217 ; t watch such plans. My positions on a solution for this job coincides with all of the groups aforementioned, more or less. In decision, the job at manus, the effects of force intelevision and films, is a instead big one. We may hold somewhat different positions on this subject, but at that place # 8217 ; s one thing about everyone seems to hold on: there needs to be a much better monitoring system. Parents must take charge of their kids, and the kids must obey. They don # 8217 ; t need to cognize about all the awful things in this universe, at least until they are ready. They don # 8217 ; T demand to see the flooring things on telecasting, and in the films. Childs today have enough to worry approximately in the existent universe, much less what goes on in the fantasy universe that is the telecasting. Moran 7 Plants Cited # 8220 ; Children # 8217 ; s Television # 8221 ; Grolier Encyclopedia. Grolier Online 9 Feb. 2000 Elias, Marilyn. # 8220 ; Kids repetition Violence seen in life, non on Television # 8230 ; # 8221 ; USA Today 25 June, 1999. SIRS Knowledge Source. 3 Feb. 2000. Grosman, David and Gloria DeGaetaro. Stop learning out childs to kill. New York: Crown Publishing Group, 1999 Jeter, Jon and Alexandra Marks and Jeffery Stanger. Issues and Constroversies on file. 1999, Various, 49-56 Lamb, Gregory M. # 8220 ; Block all that Television sex and force # 8221 ; . Christian Science Monitor. Proquest Direct. 9 Feb. 2000. Levin, Charles. # 8220 ; Why must this go on? # 8221 ; . CNN Daily News 19 Jan. 2000. Levine, Madeline Ph.D. Sing Violence. New York: Doubleday, 1996 Marks, Alexandra. # 8220 ; Few marks that media force is slaking # 8221 ; . Christian Science Monitor. 23 Sept. 1999 Sirs Knowledge Source 19 Jan. 2000 Moret, Jim. # 8220 ; Harmful force pervades TV # 8221 ; CNN Daily News.19 Jan. 2000 Pitofay, Robert. # 8220 ; The influence of violent amusement stuff on childs # 8221 ; Federal Trade Comission. 25 June, 1999. SIRS Knowledge Source. 3 Feb. 2000.